This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
HiCO is an OWL 2 DL ontology for describing historical context of cultural heritage objects.
Cultural heritage object is a wide concept, including any sort of representation of culture heritage embodied in a tangible form - like artifacts: books, documents, works of art - and any concept, assertion, interpretation bounded to them. Furthermore, any other object stating assertions about a cultural object of interest could be considered as a cultural heritage object itself. E.g. dealing with a critical edition of a text embodied in a TEI document, we have two cultural heritage objects, the original text and the critical edition. These elements are fully described with FRBR model.
Historical context involves primarily aspects explicitly described in an object of interest - like a description of an event in a document - but also recognized as implicit - like a citation of art styles in a paint - or even any information coming from other objects - like the agreement of an author with a particular artistic movement or a previous situation not mentioned in a document, maybe described somewhere else - which are all useful elements in order to clearly understand the content of the object of interest.
All these sort of information are meaningfully part of the context of a cultural object and could be considered bounded to the object itself through a particular situation, i.e. an interpretation. HiCO, using referenced models like SPAR ontologies and a set of properties from PROV-O ontology, aims to describe these issues.
The usual approach in describing cultural heritage objects and their context reflects a common triple need: to adhere to interoperability standards, to exchange information among communities and then to enrich their own digital collections. But there are several limits in the practical expressivity when enriching such description.
The dominant technique is currently document-centric, where a flexibility in the descriptive facets of the record, due to ad-hoc personalizations for each scholarly community (e.g. TEI community), prevents the loss of precious information; this entails to abstain from the creation of a common vocabulary, which cannot satisfy each desire of richness in content description, as the most used metadata sets (primarily, Dublin Core) have demonstrated. However, there is an interest to converge on a more data-centric approach that cannot be purely self-referential and which asks communities an effort to define a formalized, shared and exchangeable model.
So, trying to answer to these questions, this model attempts to extract information as RDF statements from documents (mainly TEI documents) describing cultural objects, asking an effort in the markup phase, but preserving richness of description and reusing it in a Linked Data context.
In order to extract RDF statements from the content (or the "full-text") of a source a middle passage, an interpretation act, is needed to create the right modelization of such complex relations; previously, the source or the object of interest should be clearly identified.
Considering FRBR model for describing issues related to bibliographic references, it's clear that stating something about an object (or extract something from it) is a subjective "reading" of it, which involves the expression of the object (a work) and not the object (work) itself. Then, "producing" a subjective statement (an interpretation) means a new expression of the object of interest has been created: precisely, a new expression of a new work, which has as subject the expression (or sometimes the manifestation) of the work of interest.
E.g. a philological interpretation of a text (an interpretation act of an expression) implies the creation of a critical edition (a new work) of the text (the expression) of the source (the work of interest).
For a reference of FRBR terms:
So, interpretations are stricly bounded to a new work, in which statements of an author (or editor) could be considered as facts: they've been chosen by the author, and in that expression (of the new work) no other contraddictory interpretations can be stated.
Obviously, an author can retract interpretations creating new expressions of his work and adding new interpretations which revise the previous.
Furthermore, he can also cite other authors'/editors' interpretations. Issues related to versioning of an interpretative workflow and synchronous citations are resolved through CiTO, which defines a wide range of relations between citing and cited entities.(see below, Authoritative interpretations)
For a reference of CiTO terms:
An interpretation act is a situation in which an agent defines some useful information - about the context of an object - as rdf triples starting from the "content" of an object.
These relations have been formalized through a set of object properties, mostly reusing terms of PROV-O ontology. An agent "acts" (prov:wasAssociatedWith) an interpretation extracting it from an object (hico:isExtractedFrom); precisely, using FRBR terms, an interpretation, dealing with the content of an object, is extracted from the Expression of a Work.
N.B. The agent extracting an interpretation, can be the the author of the interpretation him/herself or another agent standing for him/her, who was asked to extract rdf statements from the object.
Any information regarding content of an object is bounded to the intepretation act that generates it (prov:wasGeneratedBy), and not directly to the object itself. This because any information considered significant to be extracted from the content of an object requires an interpretation act to be stated: e.g. reading (and re-using information read in) a text which refers to an historical event, requires a reader who understands the author's intentions when writing assertions about that event, i.e. that interprets it.
To simplify scenarios of possible contents extracted from the content of an object, HiCO imports PRO and N-ary Participation pattern as flexible models for describing: relations between people, between them and the cultural objects, between people and their actions/roles or participation in events and also towards the sources scholars use for these attributions (and towards the scholars themselves).
For a reference of PRO terms:
For a reference of N-ary Participation terms:
Indeed, a particular focus here has been given to information dealing with people and events - in an event-driven approach - assuming that these relationships can cover a wide range of information about the context needed by communities to fill their objects in, and that as it is, contribute to identify clearly and unambiguously their subject of interest, i.e. the cultural object (that said, any other model dealing with information extracted from the content of an object - and considering these as entities interpreted by someone - can be used to represent a broader range of scenarios).
Individuals of Interpretation Act class have been also characterized with two foundamental object properties: the hico:hasInterpretationType property and the hico:hasInterpretationCriterion property. The former states an arbitrary classification of the interpretation, which can be simply defined as philological, historical, semiotic, linguistic etc... The latter is a briefly explanation of the criterion used to state information extracted from a source, e.g. a literally transcription, an hypotesis, or the adoption of the literature about a specific argument.
These informations are not required, but are meaningfull when trying to explain why an interpretation gains much authority than another one. Indeed, an interpretation act could be related to other acts through citing properties: more an act is related to other acts, probably more authority it gains in literature. Annotating these relations when describing the adopted criterion, could be a easier way to judge interpretations.
For a reference of HiCO main terms - including PROV-O reused preperties:
As above mentioned, interpretations can be defined with a "type" declaration. When seeking for historical interpretations, users expect a proof to validate assertions. Modeling these evidences could be rather arbitrary, but some issues of this problem can be formally stated: first of all, an interpretation should be supported by other similar statements from other authors' interpretations - about the described facts. Furthermore, an assumption of a fact should be based on available evidences, e.g. philological interpretation acts which state where and wherefrom an historical interpretation has been deduced. These basic requirements improve trust in assertions, which earn authority. So, asking for authoritative interpretations, a network of relations can be found around them.
E.g. In a document where a person has been recognised with a philological interpretation act, all assertions about that person (i.e. the instantiation of an individual of class "Person") extracted from content of that document (i.e. historical interpretation acts) should be mutually related with a citing property like cito:givesBackgroundTo. So a user can retrieve entities and relations among entities, bounded through interpretations, in a particular source which attests them.
IRI: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Agent
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/CitationAct
A citation act is a performative act of making a citation from a citing entity to a cited entity, typically instantiated by the inclusion of a bibliographic reference or a data reference in the reference list of the citing entity.
This CiTO class and its accompanying object properties cito:hasCitingEntity, cito:hasCitationCharacterization and cito:hasCitedEntity can be employed to reify direct citation act statements made using the CiTO citation object property cito:cites or one of its sub-properties. For example, the following RDF statement:
:paperA cito:extends :paperB .
can be alternatively described as follows:
:thisCitation a cito:CitationAct ;
cito:hasCitingEntity :paperA ;
cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends ;
cito:hasCitedEntity :paperB .
This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of the OWL assertion
:thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends .
Using such OWL2 punning (described at http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/WD-owl2-new-features-20090611/#F12:_Punning), the CiTO object property is considered as a proper named individual of the class owl:Thing.
Such reification of citation acts can be very useful, since it permits one to combine these CiTO properties with other vocabularies, or to handle situations in which none of the citation characterizations available in CiTO are applicable. Such situations can be resolved by the creation of a user-defined citation characterization, for example by using the Open Annotation Data Model, as explained at http://semanticpublishing.wordpress.com/2013/07/03/extending-cito-for-open-annotations/.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Concept
An abstract notion or idea.
The entity defined as concept encompasses a comprehensive range of abstractions that may be the subject of a work: fields of knowledge, disciplines, schools of thought (philosophies, religions, political ideologies, etc.), theories, processes, techniques, practices, etc. A concept may be broad in nature or narrowly defined and precise.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#CorporateBody
An organization or group of individuals and/or organizations acting as a unit.
The entity defined as corporate body encompasses organizations and groups of individuals and/or organizations that are identified by a particular name, including occasional groups and groups that are constituted as meetings, conferences, congresses, expeditions, exhibitions, festivals, fairs, etc.
IRI: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Document
An abstract class defining any kinds of publishing work.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Endeavour
It describes different aspects of user interests in the products of intellectual or artistic artifact.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Event
An action or occurrence.
The entity defined as event encompasses a comprehensive range of actions and occurrences that may be the subject of a work: historical events, epochs, periods of time, etc.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Expression
The intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc., or any combination of such forms.
An expression is the specific intellectual or artistic form that a work takes each time it is "realized." Expression encompasses, for example, the specific words, sentences, paragraphs, etc. that result from the realization of a work in the form of a text, or the particular sounds, phrasing, etc. resulting from the realization of a musical work.
IRI: http://purl.org/emmedi/hico/InterpretationAct
An interpretation act is a situation in which an agent extracts some usefull informations from the "content" of an object, meaning from the expression of a work. An act is related to anything is considered significant related to the source: an event, a situation in which an agent holds a role on something, or simplier an attestation of a noun and the identification of the entitiy which has that noun.
IRI: http://purl.org/emmedi/hico/InterpretationCriterion
The criterion an agent chooses in an interpretation act, useful to explain how information have been extracted from the "content" of an expression. It may include statements, hypotesis, adoption of literature about the argument etc.
IRI: http://purl.org/emmedi/hico/InterpretationType
A broad and arbitrary definition of an interpretative act. It may include historical (principally), philological, linguistic, paleographic, bibliographic etc.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Item
A single exemplar of a manifestation.
The entity defined as item is a concrete entity. It is in many instances a single physical object (e.g., a copy of a one-volume monograph, a single audio cassette, etc.). There are instances, however, where the entity defined as item comprises more than one physical object (e.g., a monograph issued as two separately bound volumes, a recording issued on three separate compact discs, etc.).
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Manifestation
The physical embodiment of an expression of a work.
The entity defined as manifestation encompasses a wide range of materials and formats. As an entity, manifestation represents all the physical objects that bear the same characteristics, in respect to both intellectual content and physical form.
IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/naryparticipation.owl#NaryParticipation
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Object
A material thing.
The entity defined as object encompasses a comprehensive range of material things that may be the subject of a work: animate and inanimate objects occurring in nature; fixed, movable, and moving objects that are the product of human creation; objects that no longer exist.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Person
An individual. The entity defined as person encompasses individuals that are deceased as well as those that are living.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Place
A location.
The entity defined as place encompasses a comprehensive range of locations: terrestrial and extra-terrestrial; historical and contemporary; geographic features and geo-political jurisdictions.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/PublishingRole
A role an agent may have with respect to the publishing process. Individual members of this class are used to specify particular roles.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#ResponsibleEntity
It represents those responsible for the intellectual or artistic content, the physical production and dissemination, or the custodianship of any endeavour.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/Role
A role an agent may have. Individual members of this class or its sub-classes are used to specify particular roles.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/RoleInTime
A particular situation that describe a role an agent may have, that can be restricted to a particular time interval.
A role in time describes always:
- a particular role R
- a particular agent A holding R
- a particular time interval T in which A holds R (optional)
- one or more entities (e.g. a particular bibliographic entity or a specific institution) that defines a context for R held by A. (At least one contextual entity should be specified for a particular role).
IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/situation.owl#Situation
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Subject
It represents an additional set of entities that serve as the subjects of works.
IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/timeinterval.owl#TimeInterval
Two (starting and ending) points in time that define a particular period of time.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#Work
A distinct intellectual or artistic creation.
A work is an abstract entity; there is no single material object one can point to as the work. We recognize the work through individual realizations or expressions of the work, but the work itself exists only in the commonality of content between and among the various expressions of the work. When we speak of Homer's Iliad as a work, our point of reference is not a particular recitation or text of the work, but the intellectual creation that lies behind all the various expressions of the work.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/agreesWith
The citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We share Galileo's opinion: the Earth moves [X].
IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/timeindexedsituation.owl#atTime
A time interval during which a role is held or a contribution is made by an agent.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/cites
The citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsAuthority
The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion.
Example: Newton asserted that we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource
The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data.
Example: Italy has more than ten thousand kilometers of shoreline: see [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsEvidence
The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains.
Example: We found an unquestionable demonstration of our hypothesis in [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsMetadataDocument
The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity.
Example: Basic bibliographic, entity and project metadata relating to this article, recorded in a structured machine-readable form, is available as an additional file [X] accompanying this paper.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsPotentialSolution
The citing entity cites the cited entity as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed.
Example: This risk could be avoided using the approach shown in [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRecommendedReading
The citing entity cites the cited entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter.
Example: To our knowledge, [X] is the best source of exercises about UML, making it a valuable proposal for beginners.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRelated
The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related.
Example: An analysis similar to what we proposed here is presented in [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsSourceDocument
The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
Example: Several sections of this work are based on our literature review of the topic published as journal article [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesForInformation
The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion.
Example: The grammar of Pascal was introduced in [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/compiles
The citing entity is used to create or compile the cited entity.
Example: This book gathers interviews with academic researchers of several disciplines [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/confirms
The citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity.
Example: Our findings are similar to those published in [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/containsAssertionFrom
The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based.
Example: We think that to stand on the top of giants [X] is a valuable principle to follow for our own research.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/corrects
The citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: The result published in [X] is partially wrong, the correct result is 42.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/credits
The citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity.
Example: Galileo was the first to observe Jupiter's satellites [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/critiques
The citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: The ideas presented in [X] are badly substantantiated.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/derides
The citing entity express derision for the cited entity, or for ideas or conclusions contained within it.
Example: The ideas published in [X] are incredibly stupid.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/describes
The citing entity describes the cited entity.
Example: Galileo's book [X] is a dialog among three scientists about Copernicus' eliocentric theory.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disagreesWith
The citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We do not share Galileo's opinion [X]: the Earth does not move.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/discusses
The citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We now examine if Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disputes
The citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We doubt that Galileo is right when he writes [X] that the Earth moves.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/documents
The citing entity documents information about the cited entity.
Example: Herein we report in detail the complete set of ontological rules defined in the Overlapping Ontology [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/extends
The citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity.
Example: We add to Galileo's findings concerning the Earth [X] that also the Moon moves.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesBackgroundTo
The cited entity provides background information for the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesSupportTo
The cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#abridgement
An expression abridged in another one.
In the abridged expression some content of the previous expression is removed, but the result does not alter the content to the extent that it becomes a new work. The expressions resulting from such modification are generally autonomous in nature (i.e., they do not normally require reference to the prior expression in order to be used or understood).
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#adaption
A work/expression adapted in another one.
This property describe the modification of an original work that is sufficient in degree to warrant their being considered as new works, rather than simply different expressions of the same work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, they always refer to different works.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#alternate
A manifestation having another one as alternate.
The alternate relationship involves manifestations that effectively serve as alternates for each other. The alternate relationship obtains, for example, when a publication, sound recording, video, etc. is issued in more than one format or when it is released simultaneously by different publishers in different countries.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#arrangement
An expression arranged in another one.
In the arranged expression some content of the previous expression is changed in some way, but the result does not alter the content to the extent that it becomes a new work. The expressions resulting from such modification are generally autonomous in nature (i.e., they do not normally require reference to the prior expression in order to be used or understood).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitationCharacterization
A property that links a cito:CitationAct to its characterization made by using a CiTO citation characterization property such as cito:extends.
This usage involved OWL2 punning, whenby a CiTO object property, such as the aforementioned cito:extends, is used as the object of an OWL assertion:
:thisCitation cito:hasCitationCharacterization cito:extends .
In such cases of OWL punning, the CiTO object properties are simultaneously considered both as normal object properties and also as proper named individuals of the class owl:Thing.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitedEntity
A property that relates a citation act to the entity that is the target of that citation.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasCitingEntity
The citation act relates to the entity containing that citation.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#complement
An expression work/expression having another one as complement.
This property describes works that are intended to be combined with or inserted into the related work. In other words, they are intended to be integrated in some way with the other work, but were not part of the original conception of that prior work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, then they always refer to different works.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#creator
A work linked to its creator.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#embodiment
An expression embodied in a manifestation.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#exemplar
A manifestation exemplified in an item.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#imitation
An work/expression imitated in another one.
This property describes works that are intended to be an imitation another original work that is sufficient in degree to warrant their being considered as new works, rather than simply different expressions of the same work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, then they always refer to different works.
IRI: http://purl.org/emmedi/hico/hasInterpretationCriterion
A property relating an interpretation act to an individual representing a brief description of the criterion used to attest something about the content of an object.
IRI: http://purl.org/emmedi/hico/hasInterpretationType
A property relating an interpretation act to an individual defining a broader, arbitrary, classification of the interpretation.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#owner
An item linked to its owner.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#part
A part of an endeavour.
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#producer
A manifestation linked to its prodecer.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization
A work realized through an expression.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realizer
An expression linked to its realizer.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#reconfiguration
An item reconfigured in another one.
The reconfiguration relationship is one in which one or more items are changed in such a way that a new item or items result. Most commonly, an item of one manifestation is bound with an item of a different manifestation to make a new item.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#relatedEndeavour
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/hasReplyFrom
The cited entity evokes a reply from the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#reproduction
A manifestation/item reproduced in another one.
A reproduction indicates the relationship as it would be drawn from the first manifestation/item in the relationship to the second manifestation/item in the relationship.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#responsibleEntity
Any endeavour having a particular entity that is responsible of it.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#revision
An expression revised in another one.
A revision has the intent to alter or update the content of the prior expression, but without changing the content so much that it becomes a new work.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#subject
A work linked to a particular subject it is talking about.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#successor
An expression work/expression having another one as successor.
The successor type of relationship involves a kind of linear progression of content from one work/expression to the other. In some cases, the content of the successor may be closely connected to the content of the preceding work, which would result in a work that is referential. In others, such as with loosely connected parts of a trilogy, the successor will be autonomous. Serial publications that result from the merger or split of their predecessors and stand on their own without requiring reference to the predecessor are also examples of autonomous works that fall within the successor relationship type. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, then they always refer to different works.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#summarization
A work/expression summarized in another one.
This property describe the summarization of an original work that is sufficient in degree to warrant their being considered as new works, rather than simply different expressions of the same work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, they always refer to different works.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#supplement
An expression work/expression having another one as supplement.
The supplement relationship type involves works/expressions that are intended to be used in conjunction with another work/expression. Some of these, such as indices, concordances, teachers' guides, glosses, and instruction manuals for electronic resources will be so closely associated with the content of the related work/expression that they are useless without the other work/expression.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#transformation
An work/expression transformed in another one.
This property describes works that are intended to be a trasformation another original work that is sufficient in degree to warrant their being considered as new works, rather than simply different expressions of the same work. If there exists a relation of this kind among two different expressions, then they always refer to different works.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#translation
An expression translated in another one.
It allows to refer to a literal translation, in which the intent is to render the intellectual content of the previous expression as accurately as possible.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/holdsRoleInTime
A property relating an agent to a role that the agent holds. This is done via the indirection: foaf:Agent pro:holdsRoleInTime [ a pro:RoleInTime ; pro:withRole pro:Role ] . The ontology permits one to specify the time period over which a role is held, and the other contextual entities to which that agent's role relates.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesExcerptFrom
The citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity.
An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example:
Oxford 01865
Oxshott 01372
Oxted 01883
Oxton 01578
is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesQuotationFrom
The citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity.
A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented "within quotation marks", for example:
On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: " . . . we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender . . ."
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#abridgementOf
It identifies the entire expression of an abridged one.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#adaptionOf
It identifies the work/expression of an adapted one.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isAgreedWithBy
The cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#alternateOf
It identifies the manifestation of an alternative one.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#arrangementOf
It identifies the original expression of an arranged one.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsAuthorityBy
The cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsDataSourceBy
The cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsEvidenceBy
The cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy
The cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsPontentialSolutionBy
The cited entity is cited as providing or containing a possible solution to the issues being discussed in the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRecommendedReading
The cited entity is cited by the citing entity as an item of recommended reading. This property can be used, for example, to describe references in a lecture reading list, where the cited references are relevant to the general topic of the lecture, but might not be individually cited within the text of the lecture. Similarly, it could be used to describe items in a 'Suggested further reading' list at the end of a book chapter.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRelatedBy
The cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy
The cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedBy
The cited entity (the subject of the RDF triple) is cited by the citing entity (the object of the triple).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedForInformationBy
The cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCompiledBy
The cited entity is the result of a compile or creation event using the citing entity.
Note: This property has been imported from the CiTO4Data ontology, usage of which has been deprecated.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#complementOf
It identifies the work/expression of that is a complement of another one.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isConfirmedBy
The cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCorrectedBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#creatorOf
The creator of a particular work.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCreditedBy
The cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCritiquedBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDeridedBy
The cited entity contains ideas or conclusions for which the citing entity express derision.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDescribedBy
The cited entity is described by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisagreedWithBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDiscussedBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisputedBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/isDocumentContextFor
A property relating a document to the role for which that document provides the context (e.g. relating a document to the role of author or peer-reviewer of that document).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDocumentedBy
Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#embodimentOf
A manifestation that embodies an expression.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#exemplarOf
An item that exemplifies a manifestation.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isExtendedBy
The cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/emmedi/hico/isExtractedFrom
A property relating interpretation acts to an expression of a work from which they've been extracted.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#imitationOf
It identifies the work/expression of an imitated one.
IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/naryparticipation.owl#isIncludedInParticipation
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/isOrganizationContextFor
A property relating an organization to the role for which that organization provides the context (e.g. relating an institution to the role of member held by a person).
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#ownerOf
The owner of a particular item.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isParodiedBy
The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#partOf
An endeavour incorporating another endeavour.
has characteristics: transitive
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/isPersonContextFor
A property relating a person to the role for which that person provides the context (e.g. relating a graduate student to the role of supervisor held by a faculty member).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isPlagiarizedBy
The cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#producerOf
The producer of a particular manifestation.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isQualifiedBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realizationOf
An expression that realizes a work.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realizerOf
The realizer of a particular expression.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#reconfigurationOf
It identifies the manifestation of a reconfigured one.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRefutedBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/isRelatedToRoleInTime
A property relating an entity to the role for which that entity provides the context.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#reproductionOf
It identifies the manifestation/item of a reproduced one.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#responsibleEntityOf
An entity that is resposible for a particular endeavour.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRetractedBy
The cited entity is formally retracted by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isReviewedBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#revisionOf
It identifies the previous expression of a revised one.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRidiculedBy
The cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/isHeldBy
A property relating a role in time that an agent holds, or a contribution situation that an agent makes, to that agent.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/isRoleIn
The property relating the definition of a specific role to the situation of an agent holding that role.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSpeculatedOnBy
The cited entity is cited because the citing article contains speculations on its content or ideas.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#subjectOf
A subject a work talks abbout.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#successorOf
It identifies the previous work/expression of a succeeded one.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#summarizationOf
It identifies the original work/expression of a summarized one.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#supplementOf
It identifies the work/expression of a particular supplement of it.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSupportedBy
The cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#transformationOf
It identifies the original work/expression of a trasformed one.
IRI: http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#translationOf
It identifies the original expression of a translated one.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isUpdatedBy
The cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the cited entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/likes
A property that permits you to express appreciation of or interest in something that is the object of the RDF triple, or to express that it is worth thinking about even if you do not agree with its content, enabling social media 'likes' statements to be encoded in RDF. Use of this property does NOT imply the existence of a formal citation of the entity that is 'liked'.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsBackgroundFrom
The citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity.
Example: There is a need for more observational studies and studies using narrative causation to describe the potential contribution of information in problem-solving and decision-making [X]; our work addresses these needs.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsSupportFrom
The citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity.
Example: Our ideas were also shared by Doe et al. [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/parodies
The citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.
Example: We act as giants on the shoulders of dwarfs [X]!
IRI: http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/cp/owl/naryparticipation.owl#participationIncludes
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/plagiarizes
A property indicating that the author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.
Example: The conclusion of our dissertation can be summarised by the following motto, we created specifically for this purpose: we are like dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesAssertionFor
The cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesConclusionsFor
The cited entity presents conclusions that are used in work described in the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesDataFor
The cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesExcerptFor
The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesMethodFor
The cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesQuotationFor
The cited entity contains information, usually of a textual nature, that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/qualifies
The citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: Galileo's masterpiece 'Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo' [X] is formally a dialog and substantially a scientific pamphlet.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/refutes
The citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We do not think that all their arguments in favour of their own and against the other strategies are equally convincing [X].
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/relatesToEntity
A property relating a time-indexed situation to an entity representing the context for that situation.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/relatesToDocument
A property relating a time-indexed situation describing a publishing role to a document that represents the context for that situation (e.g. relating the role of editor or peer-reviewer to the document being edited or peer-reviewed).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/relatesToOrganization
A property relating a time-indexed situation to an organization that represents the context for that situation (e.g. relating the role of member to the institution of which that person is a member).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/relatesToPerson
A property relating a time-indexed situation to a person who represents the context for that situation (e.g. relating the role of an supervisor with respect to the graduate student being supervised).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/repliesTo
The citing entity replies to statements, ideas or criticisms presented in the cited entity.
Example: We will not investigate the issues of the approach proposed in [X] here, but rather we introduce yet another alternative.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/retracts
The citing entity constitutes a formal retraction of the cited entity.
Example: We wrote that the Earth moves in [X]; we now retire such statement.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/reviews
The citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: This paper discusses Toulmin's methodology in modelling argumentation [X], focussing on highlighting advantages and drawbacks of the application of such a methodology in the Social Web.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/ridicules
The citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents.
Example: Galileo said that the Earth "moves" [X]; really? And where is it going?
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorInstitutionWith
Each entity has at least one author that shares a common institutional affiliation with an author of the other entity.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorsWith
Each entity has at least one author in common with the other entity.
has characteristics: symmetric
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesFundingAgencyWith
The two entities result from activities that have been funded by the same funding agency.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/speculatesOn
The citing entity speculates on something within or related to the cited entity, without firm evidence.
Example: We believe that if Galileo believed that Earth goes around the Sun [X], he also should believe that Moon goes around Earth.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/supports
The citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: We support Galileo's statement [X], that Earth moves.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/updates
The citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity.
Example: Earth moves, said Galileo [X]; in addition, we can say now it moves very fast.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesConclusionsFrom
The citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity.
Example: Building upon Galileo's findings [X], we discovered that all the planets move.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesDataFrom
The citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity.
Example: Using the information collected from our recent study [X], we can estimate that there are tens of millions of HTML forms with potentially useful deep-web content.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesMethodIn
The citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity.
Example: We follow [X] in using design patterns for testing.
IRI: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasAssociatedWith
A property relating an activity/situation, like interpretation acts, to the responsible agent.
IRI: http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/#wasGeneratedBy
A property relating an entity to an activity/situation, like an interpretation act.
IRI: http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasInfluencedBy
A broader property relating activities/situations like interpretation acts, to the endeavour from which interpretations have been extracted.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/withRole
An object property connecting an agent's role in time to a definition of the type of role held by this agent, specified as an instance of the class pro:Role or of one of its sub-classes.
has characteristics: functional
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/c4o/hasContent
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/archivist
The role of a person who manages, undertakes and supervises the work of an archive. [This term is typically used with respect to a document archive, whereas the term data curator is used with respect to a data archive.]
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/author
The role a person has of authorship of some material (for example a document).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/authors-agent
A person who finds work for professional authors, manages their contracts, and works to advance their careers, charging their clients as fees for their services a percentage of the money made from the authors' writings.
IRI: http://purl.org/emmedi/hico/authoritatively-based
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/biographer
The role of an author who writes biographies.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/blogger
The role of an author who writes blog posts.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/commissioning-editor
The role of an editor who actively commissions authors to write books to be published by the publishing house for which the commissioning editor works.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/compiler
The role an agent has of compiling a number of items into a compilation or collection.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/contributor
The role an agent has of contribution of some material (for example an article to a magazine).
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/copy-editor
The role of an editor who undertakes alterations to the text of a document submitted for publication to improve the formatting, style and accuracy of text, or to bring the text into the house style of the publisher (e.g. Americanization of British spelling), without intentionally altering the substance or meaning of the text.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/copyright-owner
The role of owning the copyright to a publication, usually held by the author or by the publishing house that publishes the author's work.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/critic
The role of an author who writes evaluations and criticisms of, for example, plays or other works of art.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/deputy-editor
The role of a senior editor of a publication who deputizes for the Editor-in-Chief.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/distributor
The role of a person who distributes publications.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/editor
The role of a person who selects and prepares for publication material written and submitted by authors.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/editor-in-chief
The role of the person who has final responsibility for the editorial operations and policies for a particular publication.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/executive-editor
The role of an editor who has executive responsibility for the production of particular publication, usually acting under the authority of the Editor-in-Chief.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/ghost-writer
The role of a professional writer who assists an aspiring author lacking authorship skills to write a book or article for publication, for example by helping the author to create grammatically correct and lucid prose, or who writes the book on behalf of the named author, without himself/herself claiming authorship.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/guest-editor
The role of someone who is a guest editor, for example for a special themed issue of a journal.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/illustrator
The role of an agent that illustrates a document.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/journalist
The role of an author who writes newspaper or magazine news reports or articles.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/librarian
The role of a person who manages, undertakes and supervises the work of a library.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/managing-editor
The role of an editor who has management responsibility for the production of particular publication, usually acting under the authority of the Executive Editor and the Editor-in-Chief.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/peer-reviewer
The role of an academic peer in evaluating a manuscript submitted by an author for publication as a journal article on behalf of the journal editor, or a conference paper on behalf of the conference programme committee, and in deciding whether it is suitable for acceptance, usually subject to revisions suggested by the peer-reviewer.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/printer
The role of an agent involved in printing documents, either a company providing printing services or an individual engaged in the process of printing documents.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/producer
The role of someone who acts as a producer.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/production-editor
The role of an editor who takes responsibility for the passage of a document through the various stages of the publication workflow from the submitted manuscript to the final publication, including responsibility for scheduling and budget.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/proof-reader
The role of a person who reads the proofs of documents to detect any errors prior to final publication.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/publisher
The role of a person or an organization that published material, or of a publisher's employee who has responsibility for such publications.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/reader
The role of a person who reads publications.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/reviewer
The role of a person who subjects a publication to a written review and critical analysis of its content, scope and quality.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/senior-editor
The role of the person who has senior responsibility for the editorial operations and policies for a particular publication, usually acting under the authority of the Editor-in-Chief.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/series-editor
The role of the person who has editorial responsibility for publication series, for example a book series.
IRI: http://purl.org/spar/pro/translator
The role of an agent that translates a document into another language.
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/contributor
IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#priorVersion
IRI: http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos#note
This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, Live OWL Documentation Environment, developed by Silvio Peroni.
An abstract class defining any kind of agents, such as a person, a group, an organization or a software agent.